Understanding Aristotle's Function Argument
Aristotle's exploration of ethics in the Nicomachean Ethics is built upon a fundamental concept: the function argument, or 'ergon' argument. This argument is his primary tool for defining 'eudaimonia' – often translated as flourishing, happiness, or the good life – and for understanding the nature of virtue. At its core, the argument suggests that the good for any entity is tied to its unique purpose or characteristic activity. By identifying what is distinctive about human beings and then considering what it means to perform that distinct activity excellently, Aristotle lays the groundwork for his ethical system.
Structure of the Function Argument
The argument unfolds in a logical progression. Aristotle begins by observing that crafts and activities have specific functions and that the good for the practitioner lies in performing that function well. He then applies this principle to human beings, seeking to identify our unique function. He considers and rejects biological life (shared with plants) and perception (shared with animals), concluding that the distinctive human capacity is reason. Therefore, the 'ergon' of a human is 'activity of the soul in accordance with reason.' The final step connects this function to virtue: the human good is achieved by performing this rational activity 'virtuously,' meaning with excellence. This structured approach aims to provide a rational, objective basis for ethics.
Thesis and Claim
The central thesis of Aristotle's function argument is that the human good (eudaimonia) is achieved through the excellent performance of humanity's characteristic function. This function is identified as rational activity of the soul. Consequently, virtue, understood as excellence in performing this function, becomes the key to living a flourishing life. The claim is that by understanding our unique capabilities and cultivating excellences related to them, we can attain the highest form of human well-being.
Evidence and Reasoning
Aristotle's reasoning relies on analogy and observation. He draws parallels between the functions of tools (like a lyre or a hammer) and their respective excellences, and the supposed function of a human being. The evidence for identifying the human function is primarily based on a process of elimination: what capacities do humans possess that other living things do not? He identifies 'reason' or 'rationality' as this distinctive capacity. The link between function and excellence (virtue) is then established by the concept of 'aretē' as denoting superiority or the best way of performing a task. The argument moves from descriptive claims about the natural world to normative claims about how humans ought to live.
Organization and Flow
The sample essay is organized to guide the reader through the function argument systematically. It begins with an introduction that situates the argument within Aristotle's broader ethical project. Subsequent paragraphs explain the core logic, identify the human function, connect it to virtue, and then critically engage with objections. The essay concludes with an assessment of the argument's relevance. This structure ensures clarity and allows for a thorough examination of the argument's components and implications. Transitions between paragraphs are smooth, using phrases like 'Having identified the function...' and 'However, the argument is not without its critics...' to maintain coherence.
Tone and Style
The tone of the sample essay is academic and analytical. It maintains a formal register appropriate for philosophical discourse, avoiding colloquialisms. The language is precise, using philosophical terms like 'ergon,' 'eudaimonia,' and 'aretē' where necessary, but also explaining them for clarity. The author presents Aristotle's argument fairly before introducing criticisms, demonstrating a balanced and objective approach. Sentence structure varies, incorporating both complex sentences for nuanced points and simpler ones for direct statements, contributing to readability.
Revision Opportunities
While the sample essay provides a solid overview, several areas could be further developed. The engagement with objections could be deepened; for instance, exploring specific counter-arguments from philosophers like Alasdair MacIntyre or contemporary virtue ethicists could add significant weight. The connection between the function argument and specific virtues (e.g., how courage or justice specifically relate to rational activity) could be elaborated with more concrete examples. Furthermore, a more detailed discussion of the 'best and most complete' virtues mentioned in the argument, particularly the contemplation of the divine, would enrich the analysis. Finally, explicitly contrasting Aristotle's teleological approach with non-teleological ethical theories (like utilitarianism or deontology) could highlight the argument's distinctiveness and its challenges in a modern context.
- Clearly defines Aristotle's 'ergon' argument.
- Explains the identification of the human function (rational activity).
- Connects the function to the concept of virtue (aretē) and excellence.
- Discusses the goal of the argument: defining 'eudaimonia' (human good).
- Presents at least one significant objection or criticism.
- Analyzes the argument's strengths and weaknesses.
- Concludes with an assessment of the argument's relevance.
- Uses appropriate academic tone and language.
- Maintains logical flow and clear paragraph structure.
A common criticism leveled against Aristotle's function argument is its reliance on a teleological worldview that may not align with contemporary scientific understanding. For instance, evolutionary biology suggests that species develop through natural selection rather than fulfilling a pre-ordained purpose. An existentialist might argue that humans are fundamentally free and create their own meaning, rather than discovering a fixed function. To address this, one could argue that 'function' need not imply a divine designer but rather a description of what makes something what it is and allows it to thrive. For example, the function of a heart is to pump blood, not because a god designed it that way, but because that is its biological role essential for its survival and the organism's well-being. Similarly, human 'function' could be interpreted as the set of capacities that define our species and, when exercised excellently, lead to flourishing, regardless of whether this function was divinely ordained or arose through natural processes. This reframing allows for a defense of the argument's core insights without necessarily subscribing to a strict Aristotelian metaphysics.